The Qajars inherited a country whose economy had long been based on land and agriculture. Due to the unrest in the Safavid and Qajar governments, the economy of Iran collapsed. The economy of the Qajar era was affected by the conflicts after the collapse of the Safavid dynasty. This book can be considered an exciting statement against the Iranian traditions of the Qajar era. A native of Tabriz but a resident of Georgia, Russia, he nevertheless wrote important books in Persian, including Mukatebat. ![]() One of the most important Iranian figures influencing the Iranian intellectual movement was Mirza Fatali Akhundov. ![]() Among them were a number of great thinkers such as Mirza Malkam Khan and Abdul'Rahim Talibov. As a result, a number of French-speaking princes, students, and literates traveled to France in 1843 to study. Background Īfter the defeat of Iran in the war of 1826–1828 with Russia, the military, scientific and economic backwardness of Iran became clear to the educated class. People like Jamal al-Din al-Afghani collaborated with most of the great thinkers of this period from Iran. The first generation of intellectuals in Iran went beyond the borders of the country and influenced neighboring countries such as Afghanistan and the Arab world such as Egypt. Most of these intellectuals expressed their thoughts through poetry and fiction, simple stories and parables that were easy for people to understand and helped to spread Enlightenment throughout Iran. Īmong the thinkers of this period were Mirza Malkam Khan, Mirza Abdul'Rahim Talibov, Mirza Fatali Akhundov, Iraj Mirza, Mirzadeh Eshghi, Aref Qazvini, Mirza Hassan Roshdieh, Mirza Aqa Khan Kermani, Hassan Taqizadeh, Amir Kabir and Haydar Khan Amo-oghli. They were confronted with Shia Islam, which on the one hand was mixed with superstitions, and on the other hand, according to Ali Akbar Velayati, the strictness and intellectual prejudice of some religious people caused intellectual-scientific decline. Secular Iranian thinkers based their work on confronting religious traditions. These secret societies stressed the need to reform the land and administrative system and reduce the role of the clergy in society, as well as to limit the rulers within the framework of the law. These groups spread their ideas by distributing leaflets and newspapers. These secret societies included Mirza Malkam Khan's Faramosh Khaneh (based on Masonic lodges ), Anjoman-e Okhovat, Society of Humanity and Mokhadarat Vatan Association. The establishment of Dar ul-Fonun, the first modern university in Iran and the arrival of foreign professors, caused the thoughts of European thinkers to enter Iran, followed by the first signs of enlightenment and intellectual movements in Iran.ĭuring this period, intellectual groups were formed in secret societies and secret associations. This military defeat also encouraged the Qajar commanders to overcome Iran's backwardness. ![]() During the rule of the Qajar dynasty, and especially after the defeat of Iran in its war with the Russian Empire, cultural exchanges led to the formation of new ideas among the educated class of Iran. The Iranian Enlightenment ( Persian: روشنگری ایرانی), sometimes called the first generation of intellectual movements in Iran ( Persian: نسل اول جنبش های روشنفکری در ایران), brought new ideas into traditional Iranian society from the mid-nineteenth to the early twentieth century.
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